Bio & Information
Royal Doulton (1815-) Bio
Royal Doulton is an English ceramic manufacturing company dating from 1815 Operating originally in Vauxhall London later moving to Lambeth in 1882 it opened a factory in Burslem Stoke-on-Trent in the centre of English pottery From the start the backbone of the business was a wide range of utilitarian wares mostly stoneware’s including storage jars tankards and the like and later extending to pipes for drains lavatories and other bathroom ceramics From 1853 to 1902 its wares were marked Doulton & Co then from 1902 when a royal warrant was given Royal Doulton It always made some more decorative wares initially still mostly stoneware and from the 1860s the firm made considerable efforts to get a reputation for design in which it was largely successful as one of the first British makers of art pottery Initially this was done through artistic stoneware’s made in Lambeth but in 1882 the firm bought a Burslem factory which was mainly intended for making bone china tableware’s and decorative items It was a latecomer in this market compared to firms such as Royal Crown Derby Royal Worcester Wedgwood Spode and Minton’s but made a place for itself in the later 19th century Today Royal Doulton mainly produces tableware and figurines but also cookware glassware and other home accessories such as linens curtains and lighting Three of its brands were Royal Doulton Royal Albert and (after a post-WWII merger) Minton’s These brands are now owned by WWRD Holdings Limited (Waterford Crystal, Wedgwood, Royal Doulton) based in Barlaston near Stoke-on-Trent On 2 July 2015 the acquisition of WWRD by the Finnish company Fiskars Corporation was completed The Royal Doulton company began as a partnership between John Doulton Martha Jones and John Watts as Doulton bought (with £100) an interest in an existing factory at Vauxhall Walk Lambeth London where Watts was the foreman They traded as Jones Watts & Doulton from 1815 until Martha Jones left the partnership in 1820 when the trade name was changed to Doulton & Watts The business specialised in making salt glaze stoneware articles including utilitarian or decorative bottles jugs and jars much of it intended for inns and pubs In 1826 they took over a larger existing pottery on Lambeth High Street The company took the name Doulton & Co in 1854 after the retirement of John Watts in 1853 and a merger with Henry Doulton and Co although the trading name of Doulton & Watts continued to be used for decades For some of the 19th century there were three different businesses run by the sons of John Doulton By 1897 the total employees exceeded 4,000 Manufacturing of circular ceramic sewage pipes began in 1846 and was highly successful Henry Doulton set up his own company specializing in this Henry Doulton and Co the first business to make these This merged with the main business in 1854 His brother John Junior also later set up his own pipe-making business Previously sewers were just channels made of brick which began to leak as they aged The 1846–1860 cholera pandemic and the tracing by Dr John Snow of the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak in London to a water supply contaminated by sewage led to a huge programme of improving sewage disposal and other forms of drainage using pipes These and an expanding range of builder’s and sanitary wares remained a bedrock of Doulton into the 20th century Metal plumbing items such as taps and cast iron baths were added to the range later Kitchen stoneware’s such as storage jars and mixing bowls and laboratory and manufacturing ceramics were other long-standing specialities Further facilities were set up for making these in Paisley in Scotland Smethwick St Helens near Liverpool and Rowley Regis in England and eventually Paris By the 1860s Henry Doulton became interested in more artistic wares than the utilitarian ceramics which had grown the business enormously British stoneware had languished somewhat in artistic terms although Wedgwood and others continued to produce jasperware and some other stoneware’s in a very refined style competing with porcelain The Doulton wares went further back to earlier salt-glazed styles with a varied glaze finish This “gave stoneware an entirely new impetus, realizing the potential of the material” As the company became interested in diversifying from its utilitarian wares into more decorative objects it developed a number of earthenware and stoneware bodies The so-called “Lambeth faience” (from 1872) was “a somewhat heavily potted creamware much used in decorative plaques and vases” often with underglaze painting Other bodies were called “Impasto” (1879) “Silicon” (1880) “a vitrified unglazed stoneware decorated with coloured clays” “Carrara” (1887) white earthenware also used as architectural terracotta “Marquetrie” (1887) “marbled clays in checker work” then glazed “Chine” impressed with fabrics to texture the clay these burnt away in the kiln By 1871, Henry Doulton John’s son launched a studio at the Lambeth pottery and offered work to designers and artists from the nearby Lambeth School of Art The first to be engaged was George Tinworth followed by artists such as the Barlow family (Florence, Hannah, and Arthur) Frank Butler Mark Marshall and Eliza Simmance John Bennett was in charge of the “Lambeth faience” department until he emigrated to America in 1876 where he had success with his own pottery Doulton was rather unusual in that most of the Lambeth studio pieces were signed by the artist or artists usually with initials or a monogram incised on the base Many are also dated Until 1882 “every piece of the company’s art stoneware was a unique item” but after that some pieces were made in batches as demand grew There were initial technical difficulties in producing the “art” pieces at first they were fired in the open kiln with other wares but later saggars were used They were not especially profitable sometimes not profitable at all but there were huge profits in other parts of the business Like other manufacturers Doulton took great trouble with the wares submitted to international exhibitions where it was often a medal winner The period 1870-1900 saw “the great years of Doulton’s art stoneware” which remains popular with collectors In 1882 Doulton purchased the small factory of Pinder Bourne & Co at Nile Street in Burslem Staffordshire which placed Doulton in the region known as The Potteries Doulton also manufactured architectural terracotta (in fact usually stoneware) mainly at Lambeth and would execute commissions for monumental sculpture in terracotta Their late Victorian catalogues contained a wide range of architectural elements with for example tall Tudor-style chimney pots in many different designs The Tudor originals of these were built up in shaped brick but Doulton’s supplied them in a single piece By this time Doulton was popular for stoneware and ceramics under the artistic direction of John Slater who worked with figurines vases character jugs and decorative pieces designed by the prolific Leslie Harradine Lambeth continued to make studio pottery in small quantities per design often in stoneware and typically ornamental forms like vases while Burslem made larger quantities of more middle market bone china tableware’s and figures By 1904 over 1,200 people were employed at Burslem alone The retirement and death of Sir Henry Doulton both in 1897 led to the company going public at the start of 1899 In 1901 King Edward VII awarded the Burslem factory the Royal Warrant allowing that part of the business to adopt new markings and a new name Royal Doulton The bathroom ceramics and other utilitarian wares initially continued to be branded Doulton and Co The company added products during the first half of the 20th century and the tableware and decorative wares tended to shift from stoneware’s to high-quality bone china Figurines in fashionable styles became increasingly important for example a series of young girls in bathing costumes in a mild version of Art Deco Figures continued to be important throughout the 20th century but the peak of quality in modelling and painting is generally thought to have been between the world wars The well-known artist Frank Brangwyn designed a pattern for a dinner service in 1930 which continued to be made for some time He created the design but specified that the factory painters actually decorating the pieces be allowed some freedom in interpreting his designs The headquarters building and factory of Royal Doulton were in Lambeth on the south bank of the Thames This Art Deco building was designed by T.P.Bennett In 1939 Gilbert Bayes created the friezes that showed the history of pottery through the ages In 1969 Doulton bought Beswick Pottery long a specialist in figurines mostly of animals including some Beatrix Potter characters Their factory in Longton Stoke-on-Trent was used to make the popular “Bunnykins” line of anthropomorphic rabbits originally produced in 1936 to designs by the then managing director’s daughter Sister Barbara Bailey who was a nun The whole English pottery industry was losing ground in the post-war period and Doulton’s purchases of other companies was not enough to stem decline The Lambeth factory closed in 1956 due to clean air regulations preventing urban production of salt glaze Following closure work was transferred to The Potteries The factory building was demolished in 1978 and the friezes transferred to the Victoria & Albert Museum The office building in Black Prince Road survives complete with a frieze of potters and Sir Henry Doulton over the original main entrance executed by Tinworth The Nile Street factory in Burslem also closed on 30 September 2005 and has been demolished In 1971 S. Pearson & Son Ltd a subsidiary of the Pearson industrial conglomerate acquired Doulton & Co Pearson & Son owned Allied English Potteries and merged operations into Doulton & Co All brands from Allied English Potteries and Doulton & Co. Ltd including Royal Doulton Minton, Beswick Dunn Bennett Booths Colclough Royal Albert Royal Crown Derby Paragon Ridgway Queen Anne Royal Adderley and Royal Adderley Floral were moved under the umbrella of Royal Doulton Tableware Ltd Royal Doulton Tableware Ltd was a subsidiary of Doulton & Co. Ltd itself a subsidiary of the Pearson Group Doulton & Co became Royal Doulton plc in 1993 Pearson spun off Royal Doulton in 1993 Waterford Wedgwood completed a takeover of Royal Doulton in 2005 acquiring all assets and brands Parts of the old business were sold off at points The bathroom ceramics business was bought by Stelrad In 1983 David Edward Dunn Johnson bought the hotel ware division of Royal Doulton now renamed Steelite This still makes pottery in Stoke-on-Trent Royal Doulton Ltd. along with other Waterford Wedgwood companies went into administration on 5 January 2009 Royal Doulton is now part of WWRD Holdings Limited Some items are now made in the parent company WWRD Holdings Ltd in Barlaston south of the Potteries Conurbation Further production is carried out in Indonesia On 11 May 2015 in a deal expected to close July 2015 the Fiskars Corporation a Finnish maker of home products agreed to buy 100% of the holdings of WWRD On 2 July 2015 the acquisition of WWRD by Fiskars Corporation was completed including brands Waterford Wedgwood Royal Doulton Royal Albert and Rogaška The acquisition was approved by the US antitrust authorities
Notable designers for Royal Doulton are Hannah and Florence Barlow two painter sisters, Leslie Harradine, Agnete Hoy, Charles Noke
